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Wednesday 4 August 2021

Nokia Mobile and history.

Nokia Corporation is coming soon a new look. (natively Nokia Oyj, referred to as Nokia; stylized as NOKIA)[a] is a Finnish multinational telecommunications, information technology, and consumer electronics company, founded in 1865. Nokia's main headquarters are in Espoo, Finland, in the greater Helsinki metropolitan area,[4] but the company's actual roots are in the Tampere region of Pirkanmaa.[6] In 2020, Nokia employed approximately 92,000 people[7] across over 100 countries, did business in more than 130 countries, and reported annual revenues of around €23 billion.[5] Nokia is a public limited company listed on the Helsinki Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange.[8] It is the world's 415th-largest company measured by 2016 revenues according to the Fortune Global 500, having peaked at 85th place in 2009.[9] It is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.[10][11]

Nokia Corporation

Nokia wordmark.svg

Logo since 1978

Midpoint Nokia Karaportti.jpg

Headquarters in Espoo

since September 2019[1]

Native name

Nokia Oyj

Type

Julkinen osakeyhtiö (public company)

Traded as

Nasdaq Helsinki: NOKIA

Euronext: NOKIA

NYSE: NOK

ISIN

FI0009000681

Industry

Telecoms equipment

Networking equipment

Consumer electronics

Predecessors

Nokia Aktiebolag

Suomen Kumitehdas Oy

Suomen Kaapelitehdas Oy

(Pre-1967 merger)

Founded

12 May 1865; 156 years ago in Tampere, Grand Duchy of Finland

Founders

Fredrik Idestam

Leo Mechelin

Eduard Polón

Headquarters

Espoo, Finland

Area served

Worldwide

Key people

Sari Baldauf (Chairman)

Pekka Lundmark (President & CEO)

Products

List of Nokia products

Revenue

Decrease €23.33 billion[2] (2019)

Operating income

Increase €485 million[2] (2019)

Net income

Increase €18 million[2] (2019)

Total assets

Increase €39.12 billion[3] (2019)

Total equity

Decrease €15.4 billion[2] (2019)

Number of employees

Decrease 98,322[3] (2020)

Divisions

Nokia Networks

Nokia Technologies

Subsidiaries

Bell Labs

NGP Capital

Nuage Networks

Radio Frequency Systems

Website

www.nokia.com

Footnotes / references

[4][5]

The company has operated in various industries over the past 150 years. It was founded as a pulp mill and had long been associated with rubber and cables, but since the 1990s has focused on large-scale telecommunications infrastructure, technology development, and licensing.[12] Nokia is a major contributor to the mobile telephony industry, having assisted in the development of the GSM, 3G, and LTE standards (and currently in 5G), and was once the largest worldwide vendor of mobile phones and smartphones. Nokia was one of the brands with the highest sales followed by Samsung in the early 2000's but had struggled in the markets as Nokia did not invest in manufacturing of touch screen mobiles at the time. After a partnership with Microsoft and Nokia's subsequent market struggles,[13][14][15] Microsoft bought its mobile phone business,[16][17] creating Microsoft Mobile as its successor in 2014.[18] After the sale, Nokia began to focus more on its telecommunications infrastructure business and on Internet of things technologies, marked by the divestiture of its Here mapping division and the acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent, including its Bell Labs research organization.[19] The company then also experimented with virtual reality and digital health, the latter through the purchase of Withings.[20][21][22][23] The Nokia brand returned to the mobile and smartphone market in 2016 through a licensing arrangement with HMD Global.[24] Nokia continues to be a major patent licensor for most large mobile phone vendors.[25] As of 2018, Nokia is the world's third-largest network equipment manufacturer.[26]

The company was viewed with national pride by Finns, as its mobile phone business made it by far the largest worldwide company and brand from Finland.[27] At its peak in 2000, during the telecoms bubble, Nokia accounted for 4% of the country's GDP, 21% of total exports, and 70% of the Helsinki Stock Exchange market capital.[28][29]

History Edit

Main article: History of Nokia

1865–1967 Edit

Rolls of toilet paper produced by Nokia in the 1960s, Vapriikki Museum Centre, Tampere

Nokia's history dates from 1865, when Finnish-Swede mining engineer Fredrik Idestam established a pulp mill on the shores of the Tammerkoski rapids near the town of Tampere, Finland (then in the Russian Empire).[6] A second pulp mill was opened in 1868 near the neighboring town of Nokia, where there were better hydropower resources.[6] In 1871, Idestam, together with a friend Leo Mechelin, formed a shared company and called it Nokia Ab (in Swedish, Nokia Company being the English equivalent), after the site of the second pulp mill.

Idestam retired in 1896, making Mechelin the company's chairman; he expanded into electricity generation by 1902, which Idestam had opposed. In 1904 Suomen Gummitehdas (Finnish Rubber Works), a rubber business founded by Eduard Polón, established a factory near the town of Nokia and used its name.

In 1922, in a now independent Finland, Nokia Ab entered into a partnership with Finnish Rubber Works and Kaapelitehdas (the Cable Factory), all now jointly under the leadership of Polón. The rubber company grew rapidly when it moved to the Nokia region in the 1930s to take advantage of the electricity supply, and the cable company soon did too.

Nokia at the time also made respirators for both civilian and military use, from the 1930s well into the early 1990s.[30]

1967–1990 Edit

LV 317M military radio in the Hämeenlinna artillery museum

In 1967, the three companies – Nokia, Kaapelitehdas, and Finnish Rubber Works – merged to create a new Nokia Corporation, restructured into four major businesses: forestry, cable, rubber, and electronics. In the early 1970s, it entered the networking and radio industries. Nokia started making military equipment for Finland's defence forces (Puolustusvoimat), such as the Sanomalaite M/90 communicator in 1983, and the M61 gas mask first developed in the 1960s. Nokia was now also making professional mobile radios, telephone switches, capacitors and chemicals.

After Finland's trade agreement with the Soviet Union in the 1960s, Nokia expanded into the Soviet market. It soon widened trade, ranging from automatic telephone exchanges to robotics among others; by the late 1970s, the Soviet Union became a major market for Nokia, helping to yield high profits. Nokia also co-operated on scientific technology with the Soviet Union. The U.S. government became increasingly suspicious of that co-operation after the end of the Cold War détente in the early 1980s. Nokia imported many US-made components and used them in products for the Soviets, and according to U.S. Deputy Minister of Defence, Richard Perle, Nokia had a secret co-operation with The Pentagon that allowed the U.S. to keep track of technology developments in the Soviet Union through trading with Nokia.[31] This was a demonstration of Finland trading with both sides, as it was neutral during the Cold War.

In 1977, Kari Kairamo became CEO and transformed the company's businesses. By this time, Finland was becoming what has been called "Nordic Japan". Under his leadership, Nokia acquired many companies including television maker Salora in 1984, followed by Swedish electronics and computer maker Luxor AB in 1985, and French television maker Oceanic in 1987. This made Nokia the third-largest television manufacturer of Europe (behind Philips and Thomson). The existing brands continued to be used until the end of the television business in 1996.

Nokia Mikko 3 minicomputer, 1978

Mobira Cityman 450, 1985

In 1987, Nokia acquired Schaub-Lorenz, the consumer operations of Germany's Standard Elektrik Lorenz (SEL), which included its "Schaub-Lorenz" and "Graetz" brands. It was originally part of American conglomerate International Telephone & Telegraph (ITT), and after the acquisition products were sold under the "ITT Nokia" brand, despite SEL's sale to Compagnie Générale d'Electricité (CGE), the predecessor of Alcatel, in 1986.

On 1 April 1988, Nokia bought the Information Systems division of Ericsson,[32] which had originated as the Datasaab computer division of Swedish aircraft and car manufacturer Saab. Ericsson Information Systems made Alfaskop terminals, typewriters, minicomputers and Ericsson-branded IBM compatible PCs. The merger with Nokia's Information Systems division—which since 1981 had a line of personal computers called MikroMikko—resulted in the name Nokia Data.

Nokia also acquired Mobira, a mobile telephony company, which was the foundation of its future mobile phone business. In 1981, Mobira launched the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) service, the world's first international cellular network and the first to allow international roaming. In 1982, Mobira launched the Mobira Senator car phone, Nokia's first mobile phone. At that time, the company had no interest in producing mobile phones, which the executive board regarded as akin to James Bond's gadgets: improbably futuristic and niche devices. After all these acquisitions, Nokia's revenue base became US$2.7 billion. CEO Kairamo committed suicide on 11 December 1988.

In 1987, Kaapelitehdas discontinued production of cables at its Helsinki factory after 44 years, effectively shutting down the sub-company.

Mobira 800-NDB non-directional beacon located in the Finnish Air Force signals museum

Nokia MAC 8532 laser rangefinder previously used by Finnish coastal artillery

Hämeenlinna artillery museum display containing fire control officer with Nokia artillery calculator in Finnish artillery battalion command post

Late 1980s MikroMikko 4 TT m216 desktop computer in the Museum of Technology, Helsinki, Finland

ITT Nokia television with an ITT Nokia VCR (ITT/SEL)

A 1986 Mobira pager

1990–2010 Edit

Jorma Ollila, who oversaw the rise of Nokia in the mobile phone market as CEO from 1992 to 2006

Following Simo Vuorilehto's appointment as CEO, a major restructuring was planned. With 11 groups within the company, Vuorilehto divested industrial units he deemed as un-strategic. Nokian Tyres (Nokian Renkaat), a tyre producer originally formed as a division of Finnish Rubber Works in 1932, split away from Nokia Corporation in 1988. Two years later, in 1990, Finnish Rubber Works followed suit. In 1991 Nokia sold its computer division, Nokia Data, to UK-based International Computers Limited (ICL), the precursor of Fujitsu Siemens. Investors thought of this as financial trouble and Nokia's stock price sank as a result. Finland was now also experiencing its worst recession in living memory, and the collapse of the Soviet Union, a major customer, made matters worse.

Vuorilehto quit in January 1992 and was replaced by Jorma Ollila, who had been the head of the mobile phone business from 1990 and advised against selling that division. Ollila decided to turn Nokia into a 'telecom-oriented' company, and he eventually got rid of divisions like the power business. This strategy proved to be very successful and the company grew rapidly in the following years. Nokia's operating profit went from negative in 1991 to $1 billion in 1995 and almost $4 billion by 1999.[33]

Nokia's first fully portable mobile phone after the Mobira Senator was the Mobira Cityman 900 in 1987. Nokia assisted in the development of the GSM mobile standard in the 1980s, and developed the first GSM network with Siemens, the predecessor to Nokia Siemens Network. The world's first GSM call was made by Finnish prime minister Harri Holkeri on 1 July 1991, using Nokia equipment on the 900 MHz band network built by Nokia and operated by Radiolinja. In November 1992, the Nokia 1011 launched, making it the first commercially available GSM mobile phone.[34]

Salora Oy as a Nokia subsidiary ended in 1989 when the division was merged into Nokia-Mobira Oy. The brand continued to be used for televisions until 1995.

On 12 June 1996, Nokia announced the sale of its television business to Canada/Hong Kong-based Semi-Tech Corporation.[35] The television manufacturing plant in Germany closed down in September 1996. The sale included a factory in Turku, and the rights to use the Nokia, Finlux, Luxor, Salora, Schaub-Lorenz and Oceanic brands until the end of 1999.[36] Some of these brands were later sold to other companies.

Nokia was the first to launch digital satellite receivers in the UK, announced in March 1997.[37] In August 1997 Nokia introduced the first digital satellite receiver with Common Interface (CI) support.[38] In 1998 Nokia became the chosen supplier to produce the world's first digital terrestrial television set-top boxes by British Digital Broadcasting (BDB), which was eventually launched as ONdigital.[39]

A Nokia Mediamaster set-top box

In October 1998, Nokia overtook Motorola to become the best-selling mobile phone brand,[40] and in December manufactured its 100 millionth mobile phone.[41] A major reason why Nokia grew against its main competitors Motorola and Ericsson was that it managed to cater to the consumer youth market and fashion-oriented consumers, most significantly with the Nokia 5110 and 3210 handsets which featured a large range of colourful and replaceable back-covers called Xpress-on.[42][43] One of the earliest fashion phones in 1992, from Swiss watchmaker Swatch, was based on Nokia's 101 handset.[44] The company would also form the Vertu division, creating luxury mobile handsets.

Nokia claimed in April 1996 its 447Xav and 447K monitors to be the first with stereo speakers and a sub-woofer.[45] In May 1999 Nokia introduced their first wireless LAN products.[46] In January 2000 ViewSonic acquired Nokia Display Products, the division making displays for personal computers.[47] On 26 April 2001 Nokia partnered with Telefonica to supply DSL modems and routers in Spain.[48]

In 1997, Nokia established a joint venture with Brazilian electronics firm Gradiente where they were granted the license to manufacture variants of Nokia mobile phones locally under the Nokia and Gradiente brand names.[49]

In 1998, Nokia co-founded Symbian Ltd. led by Psion to create a new operating system for PDAs and smart mobile phones as a successor of EPOC32. They released the Nokia 9210 Communicator running Symbian OS in 2001 and later that year created the Symbian Series 60 platform, later introducing it with their first camera phone, the Nokia 7650. Both Nokia and Symbian eventually became the largest smartphone hardware and software maker respectively, and in February 2004 Nokia became the largest shareholder of Symbian Ltd.[50] Nokia acquired the entire company in June 2008 and then formed the Symbian Foundation as its successor.[51]

In 1998 alone, the company had sales revenue of $20 billion making $2.6 billion profit. By 2000 Nokia employed over 55,000 people,[52] and had a market share of 30% in the mobile phone market, almost twice as large as its nearest competitor, Motorola.[53] The company was operating in 140 countries as of 1999. It was reported at the time that some people believed Nokia to be a Japanese company.[54] Between 1996 and 2001, Nokia's turnover increased fivefold, from €6.5 billion to €31 billion.[55]

A collection of Nokia mobile phones from the 2000s

The company would then be known as a successful and innovative maker of camera phones. The Nokia 3600/3650 was the first camera phone on sale in North America in 2003. In April 2005 Nokia partnered with German camera optics maker Carl Zeiss AG.[56] That same month Nokia introduced the Nseries, which would become its flagship line of smartphones for the next six years.[57] The Nokia N95 introduced in September 2006 became highly successful and was also awarded as "best mobile imaging device" in Europe in 2007.[58] Its successor the N82 featured a xenon flash,[59] which helped it win the award of "best mobile imaging" device in Europe in 2008.[60] The N93 in 2006 was known for its specialized camcorder and the twistable design that switches between clamshell and a camcorder-like position.[61] They were also well known for the N8 with a high-resolution 12-megapixel sensor in 2010; the 808 PureView in 2012 with a 41-megapixel sensor; and the Lumia 920 flagship in 2012 which implemented advanced PureView technologies.[62]

Nokia was one of the pioneers of mobile gaming due to the popularity of Snake, which came pre-loaded on many products. In 2002, Nokia attempted to break into the handheld gaming market with the N-Gage.[63] Nokia's head of entertainment and media, Ilkka Raiskinen, once quoted "Game Boy is for 10-year-olds",[64] stating that N-Gage is more suited to a mature audience. However, the device was a failure, unable to challenge the dominant market leader Nintendo. Nokia attempted to revive N-Gage as a platform for their S60 smartphones, which eventually launched in 2008.[65]

In Q1 2004, Nokia's mobile phone handset market share steeply dropped to 28.9%, down from 34.6% a year earlier.[66] However, by 2006 the company was steadily gaining again[67][68] and in Q4 2007 reached its all-time high figure of 40.4%.[69] Its smartphone market share in that quarter was 51%.[70] Nokia was the largest vendor at the time in all regions bar North America.[71]

Nokia launched mobile TV trials in 2005 in Finland with content provided by public broadcaster Yle. The services are based on the DVB-H standard. It could be viewed with the widescreen Nokia 7710 smartphone with a special accessory enabling it to receive DVB-H signals.[72] Nokia partnered with Arqiva and O2 to launch trials in the UK in September 2005.[73]

In 2005 Nokia developed a Linux-based operating system called Maemo, which shipped that year on the Nokia 770 Internet Tablet.

On 1 June 2006, Jorma Ollila became the company's chairman and retired as CEO, replaced by Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo.[74]

A flagship Nokia store in São Paulo, Brazil in 2009

In August 2007, Nokia introduced Ovi, an umbrella name for the company's new Internet services which included the N-Gage platform and the Nokia Music Store.[75] The Ovi Store faced stiff competition against Apple's App Store when it was introduced in 2008.[76]

In October 2008 Nokia announced the Nokia 5800 XpressMusic, the first device to ship with the new touch-centric S60 5th Edition, also known as Symbian^1, the first iteration of the platform since the creation of the Symbian Foundation. In November 2008 Nokia announced it would end mobile phone sales in Japan because of low market share.[77] Nokia's global mobile phone market share peaked in 2008 at 38.6 percent.[78] The same year, Nokia announced the acquisition of Trolltech and its Qt software development.[79] Qt was a central part of Nokia's strategy until 2011, and it was eventually sold in 2012.[80]

Nokia briefly returned to the computer market with the Booklet 3G netbook in August 2009.

2010–2014 Edit

A Nokia 9000 Communicator (1996) next to a Nokia E7 Communicator (2011)

In late 2009 and in 2010, the music-focused Xseries and consumer-focused Cseries were introduced respectively.[81] In April 2010 Nokia introduced its next flagship mobile device, the Nokia N8, which would be the first to run on Symbian^3.[82] However it was delayed for many months which tarnished the company's image,[83] especially after the failure of its previous flagship N97 and tougher competition from Apple and the rising Google. On 10 September 2010, Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo was fired as CEO and it was announced that Stephen Elop from Microsoft would take Nokia's CEO position, becoming the first non-Finnish director in Nokia's history.[84] It was claimed that investors pressed Nokia's board to recruit an outsider to shake up management and break from the traditional "Nokia way".[85] Ollila had also announced that he would step down as Nokia chairman by 2012.[86] On 11 March 2011 Nokia announced that it had paid Elop a $6 million signing bonus as "compensation for lost income from his prior employer", on top of his $1.4 million annual salary.[87]

Nokia and Microsoft Lumia devices.

The old Symbian OS became completely open source in February 2010.[88] However, in November 2010 it was announced that the Symbian Foundation was closing and that Nokia would take back control of the Symbian operating system under closed licensing.[89] By now Nokia was the only remaining company using the platform, along with carrier NTT DoCoMo in Japan, after both Samsung and Sony Ericsson moved to Android. Meanwhile, in 2010 for Nokia's Linux ambitions, Nokia collaborated with Intel to form the MeeGo project, after the merger of Nokia's own Maemo and Intel's Moblin.

Nokia's Symbian platform that had been the leading smartphone platform in Europe and Asia for many years was quickly becoming outdated and difficult for developers after the advent of iOS and Android. To counter this, Nokia planned to make their MeeGo Linux operating system, under development, the company's flagship on smartphones. Shortly after Elop's CEO tenure began, the Nokia board green-lit him the ability to change the company's mobile phones strategy, including changing operating systems.[90] Veteran Anssi Vanjoki, head of the smartphones division, left the company around this time.[91] His final appearance was at Nokia World 2010 when the Nokia E7 and other Symbian^3 devices were introduced.[92]

On 11 February 2011, Nokia announced a "strategic partnership" with Microsoft, under which it would adopt Windows Phone 7 as its primary operating system on smartphones, and integrate its services and platforms with its own, including Bing as search engine, and integration of Nokia Maps data into Bing Maps. Elop stated that Nokia chose not to use Android because of an apparent inability to "differentiate" its offerings, with critics also noting that his past ties to Microsoft may have also influenced the decision.[93][94][95] Although the MeeGo "Harmattan"-based N9 was met with a highly positive reception in 2011, Nokia had already decided to end development on MeeGo and solely focus on its Microsoft partnership, although the CEO said that the N9's "innovations" will live on in the future,[96] which eventually made their way on the Asha platform in 2013.[97] After the announcement of the Microsoft partnership, Nokia's market share deteriorated; this was due to demand for Symbian dropping when consumers realized Nokia's focus and attention would be elsewhere.[98]

The company posted a large loss for the second quarter of 2011 – only their second quarterly loss in 19 years.[99] Nokia's first Windows Phone flagship was the Lumia 800, which arrived in November 2011. Falling sales in 2011, which were not being improved significantly with the Lumia line in 2012, led to consecutive quarters of huge losses. By mid-2012 the company's stock price fell below $2.[100][101] CEO Elop announced cost-cutting measures in June by shedding 10,000 employees by the end of the year and the closure of the Salo manufacturing plant.[102] The Finnish prime minister also announced that the government won't save the company from an emergency state fund.[103] Around this time Nokia started a new project codenamed "Meltemi", a platform for low-end smartphones.[104] With the Microsoft alliance and under Elop's management, Nokia also had a renewed focus on the North American market where Nokia phones were, in stark contrast to the rest of the world, almost irrelevant for many years.[105][106] This strategy began in January 2012 with the introduction of the Nokia Lumia 900 smartphone in partnership with U.S. carrier AT&T.[107]

In March 2011, Nokia introduced a new corporate typeface called "Pure".[108] On 1 August 2011, Nokia announced that it would adopt a new three-digit naming system for mobile phone products and stop using letters, effectively ending the Nseries, Eseries, and short-lived Cseries. That same day the Nokia 500 was introduced with the new system.[109] Nokia last used three-digit names on analogue phones in the 1990s.[81]

When the Lumia 920 was announced in September 2012, it was seen by the press as the first high-end Windows Phone that could challenge rivals due to its advanced feature set. Elop said that the positive reaction to it had created a sense of hope and optimism in the company.[110] The company was also making gains in developing countries with its Asha series, which were selling strongly.[111] Although Nokia's smartphone sales and market share greatly increased throughout 2013, including in the North American market,[112] it was still not enough to avoid financial losses.[113] Ollila stepped down as chairman on 4 May 2012 and was replaced by Risto Siilasmaa.[114]

Risto Siilasmaa, Nokia chairman since 2012

In September 2013 Nokia announced the sale of its mobile and devices division to Microsoft. The sale was positive for Nokia to avoid further negative financial figures, as well as for Microsoft's CEO Steve Ballmer, who wanted Microsoft to produce more hardware and turn it into a devices and services company.[115] The Nokia chairman, Risto Siilasmaa, described the deal as rationally correct (in the best interests of Nokia shareholders), but emotionally difficult[116] – experts agree that Nokia would have been in a cash crisis had it not sold the division to Microsoft.[117][116] Analysts believe that Ballmer pushed for the buyout because of fears that Nokia was close to adopting Android and abandoning their alliance with Microsoft.[118][119] Indeed, in January 2014 the Nokia X was introduced which ran on a customised version of Android. It was a surprising and somewhat odd launch coming just weeks away from the finalization of the Microsoft buyout.[120][121] Others, including Ballmer's successor Satya Nadella, felt that Microsoft thought merging their software teams with Nokia's hardware engineering and designs would "accelerate" growth of Windows Phone.[122] The sale was completed in April 2014, with Microsoft Mobile becoming the successor to Nokia's mobile devices division. Nokia also moved from its headquarters to another building complex located at Karaportti. At the time, Ballmer himself was retiring as Microsoft CEO and was replaced by Satya Nadella, who opposed the Nokia mobile phones purchase, along with chairman Bill Gates.[123] The purchased assets from Nokia were eventually written-off by Microsoft in 2015.[124]

By 2014, Nokia's global brand value according to Interbrand fell to 98th place,[125] a sharp slide from the 5th place it was in 2009.[126] Nokia's downfall in the mobile phone market has had different explanations from analysts, with many split about the CEO's decision to abandon its in-house operating system and adopting Windows Phone in 2011.[127] Many researchers have concluded that Nokia suffered from deep internal rivalries within the management.[117][128][129][130] Former employees claimed that the management became so swollen by the early success that they grew complacent over time.[131][132] Some from the Symbian developing team have claimed that the company's upper management rejected hundreds of potential innovations during the 2000s that they proposed, including entirely rewriting Symbian's code. One former Nokia employee claimed that the company was run as a "Soviet-style bureaucracy".[133]

Former Nokia plant in Bochum, Germany

A Nokia advertising sign in Dublin, Ireland

In July 2013, Nokia bought Siemens' stake in the Nokia Siemens Networks joint venture for $2.2 billion, turning it into a wholly owned subsidiary called Nokia Solutions and Networks,[134] until being rebranded as Nokia Networks soon after.[135] During Nokia's financial struggles, its profitable networking division with Siemens provided much of its income; thus, the purchase proved to be positive, particularly after the sale of its mobile devices unit.[136]

2014–2016 Edit

After the sale of its mobile devices division, Nokia focused on network equipment through Nokia Networks.[137]

In October 2014, Nokia and China Mobile signed a US$970 million framework deal for delivery between 2014 and 2015.[138]

On 17 November 2014, Nokia Technologies head Ramzi Haidamus disclosed that the company planned to re-enter the consumer electronics business as an original design manufacturer, licensing in-house hardware designs and technologies to third-party manufacturers. Haidamus stated that the Nokia brand was "valuable" but "is diminishing in value, and that's why it is important that we reverse that trend very quickly, imminently".[139] The next day, Nokia unveiled the N1, an Android tablet manufactured by Foxconn, as its first product following the Microsoft sale.[140] Haidamus emphasized that devices released under these licensing agreements would be held to high standards in production quality, and would "look and feel just like Nokia built it".[12] Nokia CEO Rajeev Suri stated that the company planned to re-enter the mobile phone business in this manner in 2016, following the expiration of its non-compete clause with Microsoft.[141]

According to Robert Morlino, the spokesman of Nokia Technologies, Nokia planned to follow the brand-licensing model rather than direct marketing of mobile devices due to the sale of its mobile devices division to Microsoft.[142] The company took aggressive steps to revitalize itself, evident through its hiring of software experts, testing of new products and seeking of sales partners.[143] On 14 July 2015, CEO Rajeev Suri confirmed that the company would make a return to the mobile phones market in 2016.[144]

On 28 July 2015, Nokia announced OZO, a 360-degrees virtual reality camera, with eight 2K optical image sensors. The division behind the product, Nokia Technologies, claimed that OZO would be the most advanced VR film-making platform.[145] Nokia's press release stated that OZO would be "the first in a planned portfolio of digital media solutions," with more technologic products expected in the future.[146] OZO was fully unveiled on 30 November in Los Angeles. The OZO, designed for professional use, was intended for retail for US$60,000;[147] however, its price was decreased by $15,000 prior to release,[148] and is listed on its official website as $40,000.[149]

Nokia office building in Markham, Ontario, Canada in 2016 – originally Alcatel-Lucent's office

A Nokia Flexi Zone base transceiver station (2015)

On 14 April 2015, Nokia confirmed that it was in talks with the French telecommunications equipment company Alcatel-Lucent regarding a potential merger.[150] The next day, Nokia announced that it had agreed to purchase Alcatel-Lucent for €15.6 billion in an all-stock deal.[151] CEO Rajeev Suri felt that the purchase would give Nokia a strategic advantage in the development of 5G wireless technologies.[152][153] The acquisition created a stronger competitor to the rival firms Ericsson and Huawei,[154] whom Nokia and Alcatel-Lucent had surpassed in terms of total combined revenue in 2014. Nokia shareholders hold 66.5% of the new combined company, while Alcatel-Lucent shareholders hold 33.5%. The Bell Labs division was to be maintained, but the Alcatel-Lucent brand would be replaced by Nokia.[151][155] In October 2015, following approval of the deal by China's Ministry of Commerce, the merger awaited approval by French regulators.[156] Despite the initial intent of selling the submarine cable division separately, Alcatel-Lucent later declared that it would not.[157] The merger closed on 14 January 2016,[158] but was not complete until 3 November 2016. From the acquisition, Nokia is now also the owner of the Alcatel mobile phone brand, which continues to be licensed to TCL Corporation.

On 3 August 2015, Nokia announced that it had reached a deal to sell its Here digital maps division to a consortium of BMW, Daimler AG and Volkswagen Group for €2.8 billion.[159] The deal closed on 3 December 2015.[160]

2016–2019 Edit

On 26 April 2016, Nokia announced its intent to acquire French connected health device maker Withings for US$191 million. The company was integrated into a new Digital Health unit of Nokia Technologies.[161][162] Nokia later wrote off the cost of the acquisition and in May 2018 the health unit was sold back to Éric Carreel, a Withings co-founder and former CEO.[163]

2017 Nokia 6

On 18 May 2016, Microsoft Mobile sold its Nokia-branded feature phone business to HMD Global, a new company founded by former Nokia executive Jean-Francois Baril, and an associated factory in Vietnam to Foxconn's FIH Mobile subsidiary. Nokia subsequently entered into a long-term licensing deal to make HMD the exclusive manufacturer of Nokia-branded phones and tablets outside Japan, operating in conjunction with Foxconn. The deal also granted HMD the right to essential patents and featurephone software. HMD subsequently announced the Android-based Nokia 6 smartphone in January 2017.[164][165] At Mobile World Congress, HMD additionally unveiled the Nokia 3 and Nokia 5 smartphones, as well as a re-imagining of Nokia's classic 3310 feature phone.[166][167] While Nokia has no investment in the company, they do have some input in the new devices.

On 28 June 2016 Nokia demonstrated for the first time a 5G-ready network.[168] In February 2017 Nokia carried out a 5G connection in Oulu, Finland using the 5GTF standard, backed by Verizon, on Intel architecture-based equipment.[169]

In July 2017, Nokia and Xiaomi announced that they have signed a business collaboration agreement and a multi-year patent agreement, including a cross-license to each company's cellular standard-essential patents.[170] In that year, Nokia's brand value was ranked 188th by Brand Finance, a jump of 147 places from 2016. Its rise was attributed to its health portfolio and new mobile phones developed by HMD Global.[171]

In January 2018, Nokia signed a deal with NTT Docomo, Japan's largest mobile operator, to provide 5G wireless radio base stations in the country by 2020.[172] Later that month, Nokia announced the ReefShark line of 5G chipsets, claiming that it triples bandwidth to 84 Gbit/s.[173] In March, Solidium, the investment arm of the Finnish government, purchased a 3.3% stake in Nokia valued at €844 million.[174] In May, Nokia announced that it had acquired a California-based IoT startup, SpaceTime Insight.[175]

In January 2019, the Canadian government announced that it would provide C$40 million to support Nokia's research on 5G technology.[176] A 2019 study revealed that Nokia phones performed far better than rivals Samsung, LG, Xiaomi, and Huawei in updating to the latest version of Android. The study, made by Counterpoint Research, found that 96 percent of Nokia phones were either sent with or updated to the latest Android version since Pie was released in 2018. Nokia's competitors were found to be all around roughly the 80 percent range.[177]

2020–present Edit

On March 2, 2020, Nokia announced Pekka Lundmark as its new CEO.[178] Later that month, Nokia completed the acquisition of Elenion Technologies, a U.S.-based company focusing on silicon photonics technology to improve economics of advanced optical connectivity products.[179]

On May 27, 2020, Sari Baldauf succeeded Risto Siilasmaa as chairwoman of the board of directors, and Kari Stadigh was appointed vice chair. In June, Nokia won a 5G contract worth approximately $450 million[180] from Taiwan Mobile to build out the telecom operator's next-generation network as the sole supplier.[181] In October, Nokia announced a contract with NASA to build a 4G mobile network for astronaut usage on the moon. The $14.1 million contract is through subsidiary Bell Labs, and the program is expected to launch in 2022.[182][183][184]

During 2020, Flipkart collaborated with Nokia to market Nokia-branded consumer products in India. These included televisions, a laptop and a range of air conditioners.[185]

In 2021, during the GameStop short squeeze, there was increased volatility in the Nokia stock price.[186]

Current operations Edit

Nokia is a julkinen osakeyhtiö (public joint-stock company) listed on the Nasdaq Nordic/Helsinki and New York stock exchanges.[8] Nokia has played a very large role in the economy of Finland,[187][188] and it is an important employer in the country, working with multiple local partners and subcontractors.[189] Nokia contributed 1.6% to Finland's GDP and accounted for about 16% of the country's exports in 2006.[190]

Nokia comprises two business groups along with further subsidiaries and affiliated firms.

Nokia Networks Edit

Main article: Nokia Networks

Inside the Nokia Networks office in Munich, Germany

Nokia Networks is Nokia Corporation's largest division. It is a multinational data networking and telecommunications equipment company headquartered in Espoo, Finland, and is the world's third-largest telecoms equipment manufacturer, measured by 2017 revenues (after Huawei and Cisco). In the USA it competes with Ericsson on building 5G networks for operators, while Huawei Technologies and ZTE Corporation were effectively banned.[191]

It has operations in around 150 countries.[192]

Nokia Networks provides wireless and fixed network infrastructure, communications and networks service platforms and professional services to operators and service providers.[193] It focuses on GSM, EDGE, 3G/W-CDMA, LTE and WiMAX radio access networks, supporting core networks with increasing IP and multiaccess capabilities and services.

The Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) brand identity was launched at the 3GSM World Congress in Barcelona in February 2007 as a joint venture between Nokia (50.1%) and Siemens (49.9%),[194] although it is now wholly owned by Nokia. In July 2013, Nokia bought back all shares in Nokia Siemens Networks for a sum of US$2.21 billion and renamed it to Nokia Solutions and Networks, shortly thereafter changed to simply Nokia Networks.[195]

Nokia Technologies Edit

Nokia Technologies is a division of Nokia that develops consumer products and licenses technology including the Nokia brand.[196] Its focuses are imaging, sensing, wireless connectivity, power management and materials, and other areas such as the IP licensing program. It consists of three labs: Radio Systems Lab, in areas of radio access, wireless local connectivity and radio implementation; Media Technologies Lab, in areas of multimedia and interaction; and Sensor and Material Technologies Lab, in areas of advanced sensing solutions, interaction methods, nanotechnologies and quantum technologies. Nokia Technologies also provides public participation in its development through the Invent with Nokia program.[197] It was created in 2014 following a restructuring of Nokia Corporation.

In November 2014, Nokia Technologies launched its first product, the Nokia N1 tablet computer.[198] In July 2015, Nokia Technologies introduced a VR camera called OZO, designed for professional content creators and developed in Tampere, Finland. With its 8 synchronized shutter sensors and 8 microphones, the product can capture stereoscopic 3D video and spatial audio.[199][200]

On 31 August 2016, Ramzi Haidamus announced he would be stepping down from his position as president of Nokia Technologies.[201] Brad Rodrigues, previously head of strategy and business development, assumed the role of interim president.[202] On 30 June 2017, Gregory Lee, previously CEO of Samsung Electronics in North America, was appointed Nokia Technologies CEO and president.[203]

Nokia Bell Labs Edit

Main article: Bell Labs

Nokia Bell Labs is a research and scientific development firm that was once the R&D arm of the American Bell System. It became a subsidiary of Nokia Corporation after the takeover of Alcatel-Lucent in 2016.

NGP Capital Edit

NGP Capital (formerly Nokia Growth Partners) is a global venture capital firm, focusing on investments in the growth stage "Internet of things" (IoT) and mobile technology companies.[204] NGP holds investments throughout the U.S., Europe, China and India. Their portfolio consists of companies in mobile technology including the sectors Connected Enterprise, Digital Health, Consumer IoT, and Connected Car. Following a $350 million funding for IoT companies in 2016, NGP manages $1 billion worth of assets.[205]

Nokia had previously promoted innovation through venture sponsorships dating back to 1998 with Nokia Venture Partners, which was renamed BlueRun Ventures and spun off in 2005.[206] Nokia Growth Partners (NGP) was founded in 2005 as a growth stage venture fund as a continuation of the early successes of Nokia Venture Partners. In 2017, the company was renamed to NGP Capital.[207]

NGP's largest exits include GanJi, UCWeb, Whistle, Rocket Fuel, Swype, Summit Microelectronics and Netmagic.

Nuage Networks Edit

Nuage Networks is a venture providing software-defined networking solutions. It was formed by Alcatel-Lucent in 2013 to develop a software overlay for automating and orchestrating hybrid clouds.[208] It has been part of Nokia following their acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent in 2016.[209] Throughout 2017 Nuage sealed deals with Vodafone and Telefonica to provide its SD-WAN architecture to their servers.[210][211] BT had already been a client since 2016.[212] A deal with China Mobile in January 2017 also used Nuage's software-defined networking technology for 2,000 public cloud servers at existing data centers in China,[213] and another in October 2017 with China Pacific Insurance Company.[214]

The company is based in Mountain View, California and the CEO is Sunil Khandekar.[215]

Alcatel Mobile Edit

Main article: Alcatel Mobile

Alcatel Mobile is a mobile phone brand owned by Nokia since 2016. It has been licensed since 2005 to Chinese company TCL when it was under the ownership of Alcatel (later Alcatel-Lucent) in a contract until 2024.

HMD Global Edit

Main article: HMD Global

HMD Global is a mobile phone company based in Espoo, Finland. The Nokia brand has been licensed by former Nokia employees who founded HMD Global and introduced Nokia-branded Android-based devices to the market in 2017.[216] Nokia has no investment in the company but retains some input in the development of its devices.[217]

Alcatel Submarine Networks Edit

Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN) is a provider of turnkey undersea network solutions. The business unit develops technology and offers installation services for optical submarine cable network links across the world's oceans.[218][219]

Corporate affairs Edit

Corporate governance Edit

The control and management of Nokia is divided among the shareholders at a general meeting and the Nokia Group Leadership Team (left),[220] under the direction of the board of directors (right).[221] The chairman and the rest of the Nokia Leadership Team members are appointed by the board of directors. Only the chairman of the Nokia Leadership Team can belong to both the board of directors and the Nokia Group Leadership Team. The Board of Directors' committees consist of the Audit Committee,[222] the Personnel Committee,[223] and the Corporate Governance and Nomination Committee.[224][225]

The operations of the company are managed within the framework set by the Finnish Companies Act,[226] Nokia's Articles of Association,[227] and Corporate Governance Guidelines,[228] supplemented by the board of directors' adopted charters. On 25 November 2019, Nokia announced that it would discontinue the role of Chief Operating Officer (COO) and distribute its functions to other company leaders. As a result, Chief Operating Officer Joerg Erlemeier decided to step down, effective 1 January 2020.[229]

Nokia Group Leadership Team[220]

Pekka Lundmark (chairman)

President and CEO since 1 August 2020

Joined Nokia in 2020

Nassib Abou-Khalil

Chief Legal Officer (CLO)

Joined Nokia in 2014

Nishant Batra

Chief Strategy and Technology Officer (CSTO)

Joined Nokia in 2021

Ricky Corker

Chief Customer Experience Officer (CCXO)

Joined Nokia in 1993

Federico Guillén

President of Network Infrastructure

Joined Nokia in 2016

Jenni Lukander

President of Nokia Technologies

Joined Nokia in 2007

Raghav Sahgal

President of Cloud and Network Services

Joined Nokia in 2017

Melissa Schoeb

Chief Corporate Affairs Officer (CCAO)

Joined Nokia in 2021

Tommi Uitto

President of Mobile Networks

Joined Nokia in 2008

Stephanie Werner

Chief People Officer (CPO)

Joined Nokia in 1998

Marco Wirén

Chief Financial Officer (CFO)

Joined Nokia in 2020

Board of directors[221]

Sari Baldauf (chairwoman)

Chair of the Nokia Board. Member of the Corporate Governance and Nomination Committee and Technology Committee

Board member since 2018, chair since 2020

Kari Stadigh (vice chair)

Vice Chair of the Nokia Board. Chair of the Corporate Governance and Nomination Committee and member of the Personnel Committee

Board member since 2011, vice chair since 2020

Bruce Brown

Chair of the Personnel Committee. Member of the Corporate Governance and Nomination Committee and the Technology Committee

Retired Chief Technology Officer of Procter & Gamble

Board member since 2012

Thomas Dannenfeldt

Member of the Audit Committee and Technology Committee

Board member since 2020

Jeanette Horan

Member of the Audit Committee and the Technology Committee

Board member since 2017

Edward Kozel

Chair of the Technology Committee and member of the Audit Committee

Board member since 2017

Elizabeth Nelson

Member of the Audit Committee and the Personnel Committee

Board member since 2012

Søren Skou

Member of the Personnel Committee

CEO of A.P. Møller Mærsk A/S

Board member since 2019

Karla Smits-Nusteling

Chair of the Audit Committee and member of the Corporate Governance and Nomination Committee

Board member since 2016

Former corporate officers Edit

Chief executive officers Chairmen of the board of directors[230]

Name Tenure Name Tenure

Björn Westerlund 1967–1977 Lauri J. Kivekäs 1967–1977

Kari Kairamo 1977–1988 Björn Westerlund 1977–1979

Mika Tiivola 1979–1986

Kari Kairamo 1986–1988

Simo Vuorilehto 1988–1992 Simo Vuorilehto 1988–1990

Mika Tiivola 1990–1992

Jorma Ollila 1992–2006 Casimir Ehrnrooth 1992–1999

Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo 2006–2010 Jorma Ollila 1999–2012

Stephen Elop 2010–2014

Rajeev Suri 2014–2020 Risto Siilasmaa 2012–2020

Pekka Lundmark Aug 2020 Sari Baldauf 2020–current

Stock Edit

Nokia is a public limited liability company and is the oldest company listed under the same name on the Helsinki Stock Exchange, beginning in 1915.[231] Nokia has had a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange since 1994.[8][231] Nokia shares were delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2003, the Paris Stock Exchange in 2004, the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 2007 and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in 2012.[232] Due to the acquisition of Alcatel-Lucent in 2015, Nokia listed its shares again on the Paris Stock Exchange and was included in the CAC 40 index on 6 January 2016[233] but later removed on 18 September 2017.[234]

In 2007, Nokia had a market capitalization of €110 billion; by 17 July 2012 this had fallen to €6.28 billion, and by 23 February 2015, it increased to €26.07 billion.

Corporate culture Edit

Nokia's official corporate culture manifesto since the 1990s is called The Nokia Way.[235] It emphasizes the speed and flexibility of decision-making in a flat, networked organization.[236]

The official business language of Nokia is English. All documentation is written in English, and is used in official intra-company communication.

In 1992, Nokia adopted values that were defined with the key words respect, achievement, renewal and challenge.[237] In May 2007, the company redefined its values after initiating a series of discussion across its worldwide branches regarding what the new values of the company should be. Based on the employee suggestions, the new values were defined as: Engaging You, Achieving Together, Passion for Innovation and Very Human.[236] In August 2014, Nokia redefined its values again after the sale of its Devices business, using the original 1992 values again.

Headquarters Edit

The former Nokia House, Nokia's head office until April 2014. The building is located by the Gulf of Finland in Keilaniemi, Espoo, and was constructed between 1995 and 1997. It was the workplace of more than 1,000 Nokia employees.[231]

Nokia are based at Karaportti in Espoo, Finland, just outside capital Helsinki. It has been their head office since 2014 after moving from the purpose-built Nokia House in Espoo as part of the sale of the mobile phone business to Microsoft.[238] The building in Karaportti was previously the headquarters of NSN (now Nokia Networks).[239]

Awards and recognition Edit

In 2018, Nokia received the Leading Lights award for most innovative cable/video product[240] and was named to Ethisphere's 2018 world's most ethical companies list.[241]

Logo history Edit

Nokia Osakeyhtiö logo, 1865.[242]

Nokia Osakeyhtiö logo, 1965.[243]

Finnish Rubber Works (Suomen Kumitehdas) logo, 1965–1986.

Nokia 'Arrows' logo, after merging with the Cable Factory (Kaapelitehdas) and Finnish Rubber Works (1966–1992). Used in advertising and products until c. 1997.

Nokia introduced its "Connecting People" advertising slogan in 1992, coined by Ove Strandberg.[244][245]

New slogan typeface (Nokia Sans font) introduced in 2005. Nokia Sans had been used by Nokia in products since 2002.[246]

Bold version introduced in 2007. The company stopped using a slogan with its logo in 2011.

History of Nokia's corporate typeface

Controversies Edit

NSN's provision of intercept capability to Iran Edit

In 2008, Nokia Siemens Networks, a joint venture between Nokia and Siemens AG, reportedly provided Iran's monopoly telecom company with technology that allowed it to intercept the Internet communications of its citizens.[247] The technology reportedly allowed Iran to use deep packet inspection to read and change the content of emails, social media, and online phone calls. The technology "enables authorities to not only block communication but to monitor it to gather information about individuals, as well as alter it for disinformation purposes".[248]

During the post-election protests in Iran in June 2009, Iran's Internet access was reported to have slowed to less than a tenth of its normal speeds, which experts suspected was due to using of deep packet inspection.[249]

In July 2009, Nokia began to experience a boycott of their products and services in Iran. The boycott was led by consumers sympathetic to the post-election protest movement and targeted companies deemed to be collaborating with the regime. Demand for handsets fell and users began shunning SMS messaging.[250]

Nokia Siemens Networks asserted in a press release that it provided Iran only with a "lawful intercept capability solely for monitoring of local voice calls" and that it "has not provided any deep packet inspection, web censorship, or Internet filtering capability to Iran".[251]

Lex Nokia Edit

In 2009, Nokia heavily supported a law in Finland that allows companies to monitor their employees' electronic communications in cases of suspected information leaking.[252] Nokia denied rumors that the company had considered moving its head office out of Finland if laws on electronic surveillance were not changed.[253] The Finnish media dubbed the law Lex Nokia because it was implemented as a result of Nokia's pressure.

The law was enacted, but with strict requirements for the implementation of its provisions. No company had used its provisions prior to 25 February 2013, when the Office of Data Protection Ombudsman confirmed that city of Hämeenlinna had recently given the required notice.[254]

Nokia–Apple patent dispute Edit

In October 2009, Nokia filed a lawsuit against Apple Inc. in the U.S. District Court of Delaware claiming that Apple infringed on 10 of its patents related to wireless communication including data transfer.[255] Apple was quick to respond with a countersuit filed in December 2009 accusing Nokia of 11 patent infringements. Apple's general counsel, Bruce Sewell went a step further by stating, "Other companies must compete with us by inventing their own technologies, not just by stealing ours." This resulted in a legal battle between the two telecom majors with Nokia filing another suit, this time with the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC), alleging Apple of infringing its patents in "virtually all of its mobile phones, portable music players and computers".[256] Nokia went on to ask the court to ban all U.S. imports of the Apple products, including the iPhone, Macintosh and iPod. Apple countersued by filing a complaint with the ITC in January 2010.[255]

In June 2011, Apple settled with Nokia and agreed to an estimated one time payment of $600 million and royalties to Nokia.[257] The two companies also agreed on a cross-licensing patents for some of their patented technologies.[258][259]

Alleged tax evasion in India Edit

Nokia's Indian subsidiary was charged in January 2013 with non-payment of Indian Tax Deducted at Source and transgressing transfer pricing norms in India.[260] The unpaid TDS of ₹30 billion, accrued during a course of six years, was due to royalty paid by the Indian subsidiary to its parent company.[261]

Nokia 7 Plus data breach Edit

In March 2019, news broke that the company's Nokia 7 Plus phones were allegedly sending personal user data to China over several months. According to investigators, the gadget sent unencrypted data packages including geographical location, SIM card number, and the phone's serial number to an unidentified Chinese server every time that "the phone was turned on, the screen activated or unlocked."[262] The data was sufficient to follow the movements and actions of the phone in real time.[262]

Nokia brand owner HMD Global denied any such transfers had taken place, stating that it was instead the result of an error in the packing process of the phone's software.[263] The Finnish Office of the Data Protection Ombudsman launched an investigation into the matter on the assumption "that personal data has been transferred."[264]

mercedes Benz car successfull story...

Mercedes-Benz (German: [mɛɐ̯ˈtseːdəsˌbɛnts, -dɛs-]), the car is luxury features of the model. commonly called Mercedes, is each a German car logo and, from late 2019 onwards, a subsidiary – as Mercedes-Benz AG – of Daimler AG.[1] Mercedes-Benz is thought for producing luxury motors and industrial vehicles.[note 2] The headquarters is in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg. The call first seemed in 1926 as Daimler-Benz.[clarification needed] In 2018, Mercedes-Benz became the biggest seller of top rate vehicles in the global, having bought 2.31 million passenger motors.[8]

Mercedes-Benz AG

Mercedes-Benz Logo 2010.Svg

Type

Subsidiary (AG)[1]

Industry

Automotive

Predecessors

Benz & Cie.

(1883–1926)

Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft

(1890–1926)

Mercedes (marque)

(1901–1926)

Founded

28 June 1926; ninety four years ago[note 1]

Founders

Karl Benz

Gottlieb Daimler

Headquarters

Stuttgart, Germany

Area served

Worldwide

Key humans

Ola Källenius, Chairman of the Board of Management[2]

Products

Automobiles

Light business vehicles

Production output

2,164,187 vehicles international (2020) [3]

Brands

Mercedes-Benz EQ

Mercedes-Maybach

Services

Financial offerings

Automobile repair

Parent

Daimler AG[1]

Divisions

Mercedes-Benz Cars[4]

Mercedes-Benz Vans

Subsidiaries

Mercedes-AMG[5]

Website

www.Mercedes-benz.Com

The company's origins come from Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft's 1901 Mercedes and Karl Benz's 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen, which is extensively appeared as the first inner combustion engine in a self-propelled vehicle. The gas turned into not gas, however rather a much more risky petroleum spirit known as ligroin. The slogan for the brand is "the fine or nothing".[9]

History Edit

See additionally: List of organizations concerned in the Holocaust and Diesel emissions scandal

Karl Benz. Benz made the 1886 Benz Patent Motorwagen, that is widely regarded because the first car.

Gottlieb Daimler, founder of Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft.

Mercedes-Benz traces its origins to Karl Benz's creation of the first internal combustion engine in a car, the Benz Patent Motorwagen, financed by means of Bertha Benz's dowry[10] and patented in January 1886,[11] and Gottlieb Daimler and engineer Wilhelm Maybach's conversion of a stagecoach through the addition of a petroleum engine later that 12 months. The Mercedes car became first marketed in 1901 by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG).

Emil Jellinek, a European car entrepreneur who labored with DMG, created the trademark in 1902, naming the 1901 Mercedes 35 hp after his daughter Mercedes Jellinek. Jellinek turned into a businessman and advertising strategist who promoted "horseless" Daimler cars some of the maximum circles of society in his followed home, which, at that point, became a assembly area for the "Haute Volée" of France and Europe, specifically in wintry weather. His customers included the Rothschild own family and different well-known personalities. But Jellinek's plans went similarly: as early as 1901, he was promoting Mercedes motors within the New World as properly, consisting of US billionaires Rockefeller, Astor, Morgan, and Taylor. At a race in Nice in 1899, Jellinek drove below the pseudonym "Monsieur Mercédès", a manner of concealing the competitor's actual name as turned into ordinary and really often achieved in the ones days. The race ranks because the hour of delivery of the Mercedes-Benz emblem. In 1901, the call "Mercedes" was registered by Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft (DMG) global as a covered trademark.[12] The first Mercedes-Benz emblem name motors had been produced in 1926, following the merger of Karl Benz's and Gottlieb Daimler's corporations into the Daimler-Benz enterprise on 28 June of the equal yr.[11][13]

Gottlieb Daimler changed into born on 17 March 1834 in Schorndorf. After education as a gunsmith and running in France, he attended the Polytechnic School in Stuttgart from 1857 to 1859. After completing numerous technical sports in France and England, he started operating as a draftsman in Geislingen in 1862. At the end of 1863, he become appointed workshop inspector in a gadget device manufacturing unit in Reutlingen, where he met Wilhelm Maybach in 1865.[14]

Throughout the Nineteen Thirties, Mercedes-Benz produced the 770 version, a automobile that became popular at some stage in Germany's Nazi length. Adolf Hitler changed into regarded to were pushed in these cars at some point of his time in power, with bulletproof windshields.[15] Most of the surviving models have been offered at auctions to personal shoppers. One of them is presently on display at the War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. The pontiff's Popemobile has often been sourced from Mercedes-Benz.[16]

From 1937 onwards, Daimler Benz centered increasingly on army products, which includes the LG3000 lorry and the DB600 and DB601 aero engines. To build the latter, in 1936 it constructed a factory hidden inside the forest at Genshagen 10 km south of Berlin. By 1942 it had honestly stopped making motors, and become totally dedicated to the conflict effort. According to its own declaration, in 1944 nearly half of of its sixty three,610 personnel had been compelled labourers, prisoners of battle or attention camp detainees.[17] Another source locations this figure at 46,000 compelled labourers working in Daimler-Benz's factories to reinforce Nazi war efforts. The business enterprise later paid $12 million in reparations to the labourers' households.[18]

In 1958, the company began a partnership to sell their vehicles inside the United States with Studebaker and a few American dealerships converted to Mercedes-Benz dealerships while the enterprise ended commercial enterprise in 1966.

Mercedes-Benz has delivered many technological and safety improvements that later have become not unusual in different motors.[19] Mercedes-Benz is one of the high-quality-regarded and hooked up automotive brands inside the world.

In November 2019, Daimler AG introduced that Mercedes-Benz, up until that point a organisation marque, would be spun off into a separate totally owned subsidiary known as Mercedes-Benz AG. The new subsidiary would manipulate the Mercedes-Benz's car and van business. Mercedes-Benz-badged vans and buses could be a part of the Daimler Truck AG subsidiary.[1]

For information relating to the 3-pointed megastar image of the emblem, see below the name Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft, such as the merger into Daimler-Benz.

Subsidiaries and alliances Edit

As a part of the Daimler AG agency, the Mercedes-Benz Cars department consists of Mercedes-Benz and Smart car production.[20]

Mercedes-AMG Edit

Mercedes-AMG became a majority owned department of Mercedes-Benz in 1999.[21] The organization became incorporated into DaimlerChrysler in 1999,[22] and have become Mercedes-Benz AMG starting on 1 January 1999.[23]

Mercedes-Maybach Edit

Daimler's ultra-luxurious Maybach logo become under the Mercedes-Benz motors department till December 2012, while manufacturing changed into stopped due to negative sales volumes.[24] It now exists under the Mercedes-Maybach name, with the fashions being extremely-luxurious variations of Mercedes-Benz automobiles, together with the 2016 Mercedes-Maybach S600.[25] In November 2019, the Mercedes-Maybach GLS six hundred SUV debuted.[26]

China Edit

Daimler cooperates with BYD Auto to make and promote a battery-electric powered automobile known as Denza in China.[27] In 2016, Daimler announced plans to promote Mercedes-Benz branded all-electric powered battery automobiles in China.[28] Beijing Benz is a joint undertaking with BAIC Group to produce Mercedes-Benz branded motors in China.[29] In 2018, Mercedes-Benz apologized for inciting controversy in China with the aid of quoting the Dalai Lama on an Instagram submit.[30]

Production Edit

Factories Edit

Beside its native Germany, Mercedes-Benz cars are, or have been, additionally synthetic or assembled in:

Sovereign country Continent Note

Algeria Africa Manufactures buses and vehicles in cooperation with SNVI (Actros, Zetros, Unimog, and G-Class, Sprinter).

Argentina South America Manufactures buses, trucks, the Vito and the Sprinter van. This is the first Mercedes-Benz factory out of doors of Germany. Built in 1951.[31]

Australia Australia Various fashions were assembled at the Australian Motor Industries facility in Port Melbourne from 1959 to 1965.[32]

Austria Europe G-Class[33]

Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe

Brazil South America Manufactures trucks and buses. Established in 1956. The A-Class (W168) was comprised of 1999 to 2005 and the C-Class became produced until 2010 as properly.[34]

Canada North America Fuel cellular plant in Burnaby, British Columbia, opened 2012.

Colombia South America Assembly of buses, Established in Soacha 2012 and Funza 2015

China Asia Beijing Benz, manufactures A-Class, C-Class, E-Class, GLA-Class, GLB-Class, GLC-Class and EQC-Class for mainland China market.

Denmark Europe Bohnstedt-Petersen A/S assembled the models one hundred thirty and W136 between 1935-1955, although no production took place at some point of the Second World War. Between 1955 and 1966 the models W120, W121 and W110, together with the van L319 and a number of vans and buses, had been assembled through the business enterprise in Hillerød. Assembly of special variants of Mercedes-Benz vehicles persevered till 1984.[35]

Egypt Africa Via Egyptian German Automotive Company E-Class, C-Class and GLK

Finland Europe Valmet Automotive, New A-collection (W176) is synthetic in Uusikaupunki considering overdue 2013, being the primary M-B passenger car ever built in that usa.

Hungary[36] Europe Manufacturing plant in Kecskemét, making B-elegance and CLA.

Jordan Asia Bus organization manufacturing facility, Elba House, Amman.

India Asia Bangalore (R&D), Pune (C-Class, E-Class, S-Class/Maybach, GLA/GLE Class/AMG).[37] Chennai (Daimler India Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd.) Buses, Trucks & Engine Manufacturing unit.

Indonesia[38] Asia Manufactures Axor vans, coach buses, C, GLC, E, GLE, S, GLS and V automobiles.

Iran [39] Asia

Malaysia Asia Assembly of C, E and S magnificence vehicles with the aid of DRB-HICOM.

Mexico North America Mercedes-Benz Mexico absolutely manufactures a few Mercedes and Daimler motors absolutely from locally constructed elements (C-Class, E-Class, M-Class, International trucks, Axor, Atego, and Mercedes Buses), manufactures other fashions in complete knock down kits (CL-Class, CLK-Class, SL-Class, SLK-Class) and manufactures a choose variety of fashions in semi knockdown kits which use each imported additives and regionally sourced Mexican additives (S-Class, CLS-Class, R-Class, GL-Class, Sprinter).

Nigeria Africa Assembly of buses, trucks, utility vehicles and the Sprinter van[40]

Russia Eurasia Joint mission Mercedes-Benz Car Trucks Vostok in Naberezhnye Chelny (collectively Kamaz). Available in vehicles Actros, Axor, multi-reason vehicle 4 wheel force medium trucks Unimog. Mercedes-Benz Sprinter Classic is also produced in Russia.

Serbia Europe FAP produces Mercedes-Benz vehicles beneath license.

Spain Europe Factory at Vitoria-Gasteiz Mercedes-Benz Vito, Viano and V-Class were constructed there.

South Africa[41] Africa The assembly plant is placed in East London, in the Eastern Cape province, in which each right and left hand versions of the C-class are constructed.

South Korea Asia Mercedes-Benz Musso and MB100; Ssangyong Rexton models synthetic with the aid of SsangYong Motor Company.

Taiwan Asia Assembly of Actros by means of the Shung Ye Group[42]

Thailand Asia Completely Knocked Down (CKD) production of A, GLA, C, E, S Classes and Semi-Knocked Down (SKD) production of C-coupe, GLC, GLC-coupe, GLE and CLS.[43] Additionally, nearby production of Mercedes-AMG such as C43, E53 and CLS53 have been integrated to the existing production traces[44] making it unofficially appeared as the most important Mercedes-Benz manufacturing unit by using variety of instructions produced below a single roof. The manufacturing unit is operated by way of agreement manufacture the Thonburi Group under supervision of Mercedes-Benz Manufacturing (Thailand).[45]

Turkey Eurasia Mercedes-Benz Türk A.Ş.[46]

United Kingdom Europe The SLR sports activities vehicle changed into constructed at the McLaren Technology Centre in Woking. Brackley, Northamptonshire, is home to the Mercedes Grand Prix manufacturing unit, and Brixworth, Northamptonshire is the place of Mercedes-Benz HighPerformanceEngines

United States North America The Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class Sport Utility, the entire-sized GL-Class Luxury Sport Utility and the Mercedes-Benz C-Class cars are all built at the Mercedes-Benz U.S. International manufacturing facility close to Tuscaloosa, Alabama.[47] Trucks (6,000 in keeping with yr inside the early eighties) have been as soon as assembled in Hampton, Virginia.[48]

Vietnam Asia Assembly of E-Class, C-Class, S-Class, GLK-Class and Sprinter. Established in 1995.[49]

Quality ratings Edit

Mercedes-Benz supplier in Munich, Germany.

Since its inception, Mercedes-Benz has maintained a reputation for its satisfactory and durability. Objective measures searching at passenger cars, which include J. D. Power surveys, validated a downturn in popularity in these criteria within the overdue 1990s and early 2000s. By mid-2005, Mercedes temporarily returned to the enterprise average for initial exceptional, a degree of problems after the primary ninety days of possession, according to J. D. Power.[50] In J. D. Power's Initial Quality Study for the primary zone of 2007, Mercedes confirmed dramatic improvement through climbing from 25th to 5th area and incomes numerous awards for its fashions.[51] For 2008, Mercedes-Benz's initial great score improved by way of yet some other mark, to fourth place.[52] On top of this accolade, it also acquired the Platinum Plant Quality Award for its Mercedes’ Sindelfingen, Germany meeting plant.[52] J. D. Power's 2011 US Initial Quality and Vehicle Dependability Studies each ranked Mercedes-Benz vehicles above average in construct fine and reliability.[53][54] In the 2011 UK J. D. Power Survey, Mercedes vehicles have been rated above average.[55] A 2014 iSeeCars.Com look at for Reuters found Mercedes to have the bottom automobile don't forget rate.[56]

Nasa full information...

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA /ˈnæsə/) is an independent company of the U.S. Federal authorities liable for the civilian area application, in addition to aeronautics and area research.[note 1]

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

A blue sphere with stars, a yellow planet with a white moon; a red chevron representing wings, and an orbiting spacecraft; surrounded by a white border with "NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION U.S.A." in purple letters

NASA seal

A blue sphere with stars, white letters N-A-S-A in Helvetica font; a pink chevron representing wings, and an orbiting spacecraft

NASA "meatball" insignia

A purple line forming stylized letters N-A-S-A

NASA "computer virus" logotype

NASA HQ Building.Jpg

NASA headquarters in Washington, D.C.

Agency review

Abbreviation

NASA

Formed

July 29, 1958; sixty two years ago

Preceding enterprise

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (1915–1958)[1]

Type

Space corporation

Jurisdiction

United States Federal Government

Headquarters

Washington, D.C.

38°fifty two′59″N seventy seven°0′fifty nine″W

Motto

For the Benefit of All[2]

Administrator

Bill Nelson

Deputy Administrator

Vacant

Primary spaceports

John F. Kennedy Space CenterCape Canaveral Space Force StationVandenberg Air Force Base

Owner

United States

Employees

17,373 (2020)[3]

Annual price range

Increase US$22.629 billion (2020)[4]

Website

NASA.Gov

NASA become established in 1958, succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The new organisation was to have a exceedingly civilian orientation, encouraging non violent applications in area science.[7][8][9] Since its establishment, most US area exploration efforts have been led with the aid of NASA, which includes the Apollo Moon touchdown missions, the Skylab space station, and later the Space Shuttle. NASA is assisting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion spacecraft, the Space Launch System, and Commercial Crew automobiles. The agency is also accountable for the Launch Services Program, which affords oversight of launch operations and countdown management for uncrewed NASA launches.

NASA's science is focused on better expertise Earth via the Earth Observing System;[10] advancing heliophysics via the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate's Heliophysics Research Program;[11] exploring our bodies all through the Solar System with superior robotic spacecraft including New Horizons;[12] and getting to know astrophysics topics, inclusive of the Big Bang, thru the Great Observatories and associated packages.[13]

Sunday 1 August 2021

Amazon River on the world..

The Amazon River (UK: /ˈæməzən/, US: /ˈæməzɒn/; Spanish: Río Amazonas, Portuguese: Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by using discharge quantity of water within the international, and the disputed longest river inside the international.[2][6][n 2]

Amazon River

Rio Amazonas, Río Amazonas

Rio Amazonas - Parintins.Jpg

Amazon River

Amazonrivermap.Svg

Amazon River and its drainage basin

Native call

Amazonas

Location

Country

Peru, Colombia, Brazil

City

Iquitos (Peru); Leticia (Colombia);

Tabatinga (Brazil); Tefé (Brazil);

Itacoatiara (Brazil) Parintins (Brazil);

Óbidos (Brazil); Santarém (Brazil);

Almeirim (Brazil); Macapá (Brazil);

Manaus (Brazil)

Physical traits

Source

Río Apurimac, Mismi Peak

• location

Arequipa Region, Peru

• coordinates

15°31′04″S 71°forty one′37″W

• elevation

five,220 m (17,one hundred thirty feet)

Mouth

Atlantic Ocean

• location

Brazil

• coordinates

zero°42′28″N 50°five′22″W[1]

Length

6,992 km (4,345 mi)[n 1]

Basin length

7,000,000 rectangular kilometres (2,702,715 squaremi)[2]

Width

• minimum

1 km (0.Sixty two mi)

• maximum

one hundred km (sixty two mi)

Depth

• minimum

20 m (66 ft)

• most

a hundred m (330 feet)

Discharge

• common

209,000 cubic metres consistent with second (7,four hundred,000 cu ft/s; 209,000,000 L/s; 55,000,000 USgal/s)[5]

• minimum

180,000 cubic metres per 2nd (6,400,000 cu ft/s; 180,000,000 L/s; 48,000,000 USgal/s)

• maximum

340,000 cubic metres according to second (12,000,000 cu feet/s; 340,000,000 L/s; ninety,000,000 USgal/s)

Discharge

225,000 cubic metres per second (7,900,000 cu toes/s; 225,000,000 L/s; 59,000,000 USgal/s)

• place

Amazon-Tocantins

Basin features

Tributaries

• left

Marañón, Nanay, Napo, Ampiyacu, Japurá/Caquetá, Rio Negro/Guainía, Putumayo, Badajós, Manacapuru, Urubu, Uatumã, Nhamundá, Trombetas, Maicurú, Curuá, Paru, Jari

• proper

Ucayali, Jandiatuba, Javary, Jutai, Juruá, Tefé, Coari, Purús, Madeira, Paraná do Ramos, Tapajós, Curuá-Una, Xingu, Pará, Tocantins, Acará, Guamá

Topography of the Amazon River Basin

The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi have been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon's maximum remote supply, till a 2014 observe found it to be the headwaters of the Mantaro River on the Cordillera Rumi Cruz in Peru.[11] The Mantaro and Apurímac rivers be part of, and with other tributaries shape the Ucayali River, which in turn meets the Marañón River upstream of Iquitos, Peru, forming what countries apart from Brazil recollect to be the primary stem of the Amazon. Brazilians call this phase the Solimões River above its confluence with the Rio Negro[12] forming what Brazilians call the Amazon on the Meeting of Waters (Portuguese: Encontro das Águas) at Manaus, the largest metropolis on the river.

At an average discharge of about 209,000 cubic metres per second (7,four hundred,000 cu feet/s; 209,000,000 L/s; fifty five,000,000 USgal/s)—approximately 6,591 cubic kilometres in line with annum (1,581 cu mi/a), extra than the subsequent seven biggest impartial rivers mixed—the Amazon represents 20% of the global riverine discharge to the ocean.[13] The Amazon basin is the most important drainage basin within the international, with a place of about 7,000,000 rectangular kilometres (2,700,000 sq.Mi).[2] The portion of the river's drainage basin in Brazil by myself is larger than any other river's basin. The Amazon enters Brazil with handiest one-5th of the drift it ultimately discharges into the Atlantic Ocean, yet already has a extra go with the flow at this point than the discharge of any other river.[14][15]

Etymology Edit

The Amazon was initially known by Europeans because the Marañón, and the Peruvian part of the river continues to be recognized via that call these days. It later have become called Rio Amazonas in Spanish and Portuguese, and Amazon River in English.

The name Rio Amazonas became reportedly given after local warriors attacked a 16th-century day trip with the aid of Francisco de Orellana. The warriors had been led with the aid of girls, reminding de Orellana of the Amazon warriors, a tribe of ladies warriors related to Iranian Scythians and Sarmatians[16][17] cited in Greek mythology. The phrase Amazon itself may be derived from the Iranian compound *ha-maz-an- "(one) combating together"[18] or ethnonym *ha-mazan- "warriors", a word attested indirectly thru a derivation, a denominal verb in Hesychius of Alexandria's gloss "ἁμαζακάραν· πολεμεῖν. Πέρσαι" ("hamazakaran: 'to make conflict' in Persian"), in which it appears together with the Indo-Iranian root *kar- "make" (from which Sanskrit karma is also derived).[19]

However, other pupils insist that the name is derived from the Native American word amassona, meaning “boat destroyer.”[20]

History Edit

Main article: Timeline of Amazon records

Geological history Edit

Recent geological studies endorse that for tens of millions of years the Amazon River used to float within the opposite route - from east to west. Eventually the Andes Mountains formed, blocking its waft to the Pacific Ocean, and causing it to exchange directions to its present day mouth within the Atlantic Ocean.[21]

Pre-Columbian era Edit

Old drawing (from 1879) of Arapaima fishing at the Amazon river.

During what many archaeologists known as the formative level, Amazonian societies were deeply worried within the emergence of South America's highland agrarian systems. The trade with Andean civilizations within the terrains of the headwaters in the Andes formed an crucial contribution to the social and non secular improvement of higher-altitude civilizations just like the Muisca and Incas. Early human settlements were normally primarily based on low-lying hills or mounds.

Shell mounds have been the earliest proof of habitation; they constitute piles of human refuse (waste) and are in particular dated among 7500 and 4000 years BC. They are associated with ceramic age cultures; no preceramic shell mounds were documented to date by means of archaeologists.[22] Artificial earth structures for complete villages are the second type of mounds. They are pleasant represented by using the Marajoara lifestyle. Figurative mounds are the most recent types of career.

There is sufficient proof that the regions surrounding the Amazon River have been domestic to complicated and huge-scale indigenous societies, specially chiefdoms who advanced cities and towns.[23] Archaeologists estimate that by the time the Spanish conquistador De Orellana traveled across the Amazon in 1541, extra than 3 million indigenous humans lived around the Amazon.[24] These pre-Columbian settlements created relatively developed civilizations. For example, pre-Columbian indigenous people on the island of Marajó can also have developed social stratification and supported a population of one hundred,000 humans. To acquire this stage of development, the indigenous inhabitants of the Amazon rainforest altered the forest's ecology by means of selective cultivation and the use of fire. Scientists argue that via burning regions of the wooded area again and again, the indigenous people precipitated the soil to grow to be richer in nutrients. This created darkish soil regions called terra preta de índio ("Indian dark earth").[25] Because of the terra preta, indigenous groups had been able to make land fertile and consequently sustainable for the massive-scale agriculture needed to support their large populations and complicated social structures. Further research has hypothesized that this exercise started out round eleven,000 years in the past. Some say that its outcomes on woodland ecology and nearby climate provide an explanation for the otherwise inexplicable band of lower rainfall via the Amazon basin.[25]

Many indigenous tribes engaged in steady battle. According to James S. Olson, "The Munduruku expansion (in the 18th century) dislocated and displaced the Kawahíb, breaking the tribe down into plenty smaller groups ... [Munduruku] first got here to the attention of Europeans in 1770 after they started out a series of great assaults on Brazilian settlements along the Amazon River."[26]

Arrival of Europeans Edit

Amazon tributaries near Manaus

In March 1500, Spanish conquistador Vicente Yáñez Pinzón became the primary documented European to sail up the Amazon River.[27] Pinzón referred to as the circulation Río Santa María del Mar Dulce, later shortened to Mar Dulce, actually, candy sea, because of its freshwater pushing out into the ocean. Another Spanish explorer, Francisco de Orellana, become the primary European to travel from the origins of the upstream river basins, located inside the Andes, to the mouth of the river. In this journey, Orellana baptized some of the affluents of the Amazonas like Rio Negro, Napo and Jurua. The call Amazonas is idea to be taken from the local warriors that attacked this expedition, mainly ladies, that reminded De Orellana of the legendary lady Amazon warriors from the ancient Hellenic culture in Greece (see also Origin of the call).

Exploration Edit

Samuel Fritz's 1707 map displaying the Amazon and the Orinoco

Gonzalo Pizarro activate in 1541 to discover east of Quito into the South American indoors searching for El Dorado, the "metropolis of gold" and La Canela, the "valley of cinnamon".[28] He became accompanied with the aid of his second-in-command Francisco de Orellana. After a hundred and seventy kilometres (106 mi), the Coca River joined the Napo River (at a point now called Puerto Francisco de Orellana); the birthday celebration stopped for a few weeks to build a boat simply upriver from this confluence. They persevered downriver via an uninhabited region, where they couldn't discover meals. Orellana presented and become ordered to observe the Napo River, then known as Río de los angeles Canela ("Cinnamon River") and go back with food for the celebration. Based on intelligence obtained from a captive local chief named Delicola, they anticipated to locate meals inside some days downriver with the aid of ascending some other river to the north.

De Orellana took about 57 guys, the boat, and a few canoes and left Pizarro's troops on 26 December 1541. However, De Orellana overlooked the confluence (probably with the Aguarico) in which he changed into searching elements for his men. By the time he and his guys reached some other village, many of them had been ill from hunger and ingesting "noxious flowers", and near demise. Seven guys died in that village. His guys threatened to mutiny if the excursion became back to try and rejoin Pizarro, the birthday celebration being over one hundred leagues downstream at this factor. He typical to trade the motive of the day trip to discover new lands in the name of the king of Spain, and the men constructed a larger boat in which to navigate downstream. After a journey of 600 kilometres (373 mi) down the Napo River, they reached a similarly principal confluence, at a point near contemporary Iquitos, after which followed the higher Amazon, now called the Solimões, for a similarly 1,200 kilometres (746 mi) to its confluence with the Rio Negro (close to cutting-edge Manaus), which they reached on three June 1542.

Regarding the preliminary project of locating cinnamon, Pizarro stated to the king that that they had located cinnamon bushes, however that they could not be profitably harvested. True cinnamon (Cinnamomum Verum) is not local to South America. Other related cinnamon-containing plants (of the own family Lauraceae) are pretty common in that a part of the Amazon and Pizarro in all likelihood noticed some of these. The day trip reached the mouth of the Amazon on 24 August 1542, demonstrating the realistic navigability of the Great River.

Masked-dance, and wedding-banquet of Ticuna Indians, engravings for Bates's 1863 The Naturalist at the River Amazons

In 1560, every other Spanish conquistador, Lope de Aguirre, can also have made the second descent of the Amazon. Historians are uncertain whether or not the river he descended changed into the Amazon or the Orinoco River, which runs greater or much less parallel to the Amazon in addition north.

Portuguese explorer Pedro Teixeira turned into the first European to journey up the complete river. He arrived in Quito in 1637, and back via the same course.[29]

From 1648 to 1652, Portuguese Brazilian bandeirante António Raposo Tavares led an excursion from São Paulo overland to the mouth of the Amazon, investigating many of its tributaries, together with the Rio Negro, and protecting a distance of over 10,000 km (6,214 mi).

In what is currently in Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela, several colonial and religious settlements had been hooked up along the banks of primary rivers and tributaries for alternate, slaving and evangelization a number of the indigenous peoples of the massive rainforest, inclusive of the Urarina. In the late 1600s, Czech Jesuit Father Samuel Fritz, an apostle of the Omagus established a few 40 venture villages. Fritz proposed that the Marañón River must be the supply of the Amazon, noting on his 1707 map that the Marañón "has its supply at the southern shore of a lake that is called Lauricocha, near Huánuco." Fritz reasoned that the Marañón is the largest river department one encounters when touring upstream, and lies farther to the west than every other tributary of the Amazon. For maximum of the 18th–nineteenth centuries and into the 20th century, the Marañón become normally considered the supply of the Amazon.[30]

Henry Walter Bates was maximum famous for his excursion to the Amazon (1848–1859).

Scientific exploration Edit

Early medical, zoological and botanical exploration of the Amazon River and basin occurred from the 18th century via the primary 1/2 of the 19th century.

Charles Marie de La Condamine explored the river in 1743.[31]

Alexander von Humboldt, 1799–1804

Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, 1817–1820

Georg von Langsdorff, 1826–1828

Henry Walter Bates and Alfred Russel Wallace, 1848–1859

Richard Spruce, 1849–1864

Post-colonial exploitation and agreement Edit

Amazonas kingdom

Amazon Theatre opera residence in Manaus built in 1896 at some stage in the rubber increase

Amazon Theatre opera house in Manaus constructed in 1896 all through the rubber increase

Metropolitan Cathedral of Santarem, in Santarem, Brazil

Iglesia Matriz in Iquitos, Peru

The Cabanagem rise up (1835–1840) was directed against the white ruling magnificence. It is envisioned that from 30 to 40% of the populace of Grão-Pará, predicted at 100,000 humans, died.[32]

The population of the Brazilian part of the Amazon basin in 1850 become possibly 300,000, of whom approximately two-thirds were Europeans and slaves, the slaves amounting to approximately 25,000. The Brazilian Amazon's primary business metropolis, Pará (now Belém), had from 10,000 to twelve,000 population, which includes slaves. The town of Manáos, now Manaus, on the mouth of the Rio Negro, had a population between 1,000 and 1,500. All the remaining villages, as far up as Tabatinga, at the Brazilian frontier of Peru, had been highly small.[33]

On 6 September 1850, Emperor Pedro II of Brazil sanctioned a regulation authorizing steam navigation at the Amazon and gave the Viscount of Mauá (Irineu Evangelista de Sousa) the task of putting it into effect. He organised the "Companhia de Navegação e Comércio do Amazonas" in Rio de Janeiro in 1852; inside the following yr it started out operations with 4 small steamers, the Monarca ('Monarch'), the Cametá, the Marajó and the Rio Negro.[33][34]

At first, navigation become mainly restricted to the main river; or even in 1857 a amendment of the government agreement only obliged the company to a monthly carrier between Pará and Manaus, with steamers of 2 hundred lots shipment capability, a 2d line to make six round voyages a yr between Manaus and Tabatinga, and a 3rd, trips a month among Pará and Cametá.[33] This became the first step in starting up the sizable indoors.

The fulfillment of the task known as interest to the opportunities for financial exploitation of the Amazon, and a 2d employer soon opened trade at the Madeira, Purús, and Negro; a third installed a line between Pará and Manaus, and a fourth found it worthwhile to navigate a number of the smaller streams. In that same length, the Amazonas Company turned into growing its fleet. Meanwhile, personal people had been building and jogging small steam craft of their own on the main river in addition to on lots of its tributaries.[33]

On 31 July 1867, the authorities of Brazil, continuously pressed through the maritime powers and by the international locations encircling the upper Amazon basin, especially Peru, decreed the hole of the Amazon to all nations, but they restrained this to certain defined points: Tabatinga – at the Amazon; Cametá – on the Tocantins; Santarém – on the Tapajós; Borba – on the Madeira, and Manaus – on the Rio Negro. The Brazilian decree took effect on 7 September 1867.[33]

Thanks in part to the mercantile development related to steamboat navigation coupled with the internationally pushed demand for herbal rubber, the Peruvian metropolis of Iquitos have become a thriving, cosmopolitan center of commerce. Foreign groups settled in Iquitos, from whence they managed the extraction of rubber. In 1851 Iquitos had a populace of 2 hundred, and through 1900 its population reached 20,000. In the 1860s, about three,000 heaps of rubber had been being exported yearly, and by using 1911 annual exports had grown to 44,000 heaps, representing 9.3% of Peru's exports.[35] During the rubber increase it's far estimated that sicknesses brought by immigrants, along with typhus and malaria, killed 40,000 native Amazonians.[36]

The first direct foreign change with Manaus commenced round 1874. Local alternate along the river became carried on via the English successors to the Amazonas Company—the Amazon Steam Navigation Company—in addition to severa small steamboats, belonging to corporations and corporations engaged within the rubber change, navigating the Negro, Madeira, Purús and lots of different tributaries,[33] inclusive of the Marañón, to ports as distant as Nauta, Peru.

By the turn of the 20 th century, the exports of the Amazon basin were India-rubber, cacao beans, Brazil nuts and a few other merchandise of juvenile significance, consisting of pelts and special woodland produce (resins, barks, woven hammocks, prized hen feathers, live animals) and extracted goods, along with lumber and gold.

Twentieth-century improvement Edit

Manaus, the largest city in Amazonas, as visible from a NASA satellite tv for pc photograph, surrounded with the aid of the darkish Rio Negro and the muddy Amazon River

City of Manaus

Floating homes in Leticia, Colombia

Since colonial instances, the Portuguese part of the Amazon basin has remained a land in large part undeveloped by means of agriculture and occupied by way of indigenous individuals who survived the advent of European illnesses.

Four centuries after the European discovery of the Amazon river, the total cultivated location in its basin changed into probable much less than sixty five square kilometres (25 sq.Mi), apart from the restricted and crudely cultivated regions many of the mountains at its excessive headwaters.[37] This state of affairs modified dramatically during the 20th century.

Wary of overseas exploitation of the nation's assets, Brazilian governments in the Nineteen Forties set out to develop the indoors, away from the seaboard where foreigners owned massive tracts of land. The authentic architect of this expansion become president Getúlio Vargas, with the demand for rubber from the Allied forces in World War II presenting investment for the drive.

In the 1960s, financial exploitation of the Amazon basin was visible as a manner to fuel the "financial miracle" going on on the time. This resulted within the improvement of "Operation Amazon", an financial development task that added massive-scale agriculture and ranching to Amazonia. This become done through a combination of credit score and monetary incentives.[38]

However, in the Seventies the authorities took a new technique with the National Integration Programme. A large-scale colonization program saw families from northeastern Brazil relocated to the "land without human beings" within the Amazon Basin. This was finished along with infrastructure initiatives especially the Trans-Amazonian Highway (Transamazônica).[38]

The Trans-Amazonian Highway's three pioneering highways were finished within ten years but by no means fulfilled their promise. Large quantities of the Trans-Amazonian and its accent roads, which includes BR-319 (Manaus-Porto Velho), are derelict and impassable in the rainy season. Small towns and villages are scattered across the woodland, and due to the fact its plants is so dense, some far flung regions are nonetheless unexplored.

Many settlements grew alongside the road from Brasília to Belém with the dual carriageway and National Integration Programme, but, this system failed as the settlers had been unequipped to stay within the sensitive rainforest ecosystem. This, although the authorities believed it may maintain thousands and thousands, instead ought to preserve only a few.[39]

With a populace of one.9 million human beings in 2014, Manaus is the largest town at the Amazon. Manaus by myself makes up approximately 50% of the populace of the most important Brazilian kingdom of Amazonas. The racial makeup of the town is 64% pardo (mulatto and mestizo) and 32% white.[40]

Although the Amazon river remains undammed, round 412 dams are in operation inside the Amazon's tributary rivers. From those 412 dams, 151 are constructed over six of the primary tributary rivers that drain into the Amazon.[41] Since most effective four percent of the Amazon's hydropower capability has been developed in international locations like Brazil,[42] extra damming tasks are underway and hundreds more are deliberate.[43] After witnessing the bad consequences of environmental degradation, sedimentation, navigation and flood manage caused by the Three Gorges Dam in the Yangtze River,[44] scientists are involved that constructing greater dams within the Amazon will damage its biodiversity in the identical way through "blocking off fish-spawning runs, reducing the flows of crucial oil vitamins and clearing forests".[43] Damming the Amazon River may want to doubtlessly result in the "cease of unfastened flowing rivers" and make contributions to an "atmosphere disintegrate" in order to motive predominant social and environmental issues.[41]

Course Edit

Origins Edit

Main article: Source of the Amazon River

The Amazon was thought to originate from the Apacheta cliff in Arequipa on the Nevado Mismi, marked simplest with the aid of a timber cross.

Nevado Mismi, previously taken into consideration to be the supply of the Amazon

Marañón River in Peru

The maximum remote source of the Amazon was thought to be within the Apurímac river drainage for nearly a century. Such studies endured to be published even currently, which includes in 1996,[45] 2001,[46] 2007,[8] and 2008,[47] wherein diverse authors recognized the snowcapped five,597 m (18,363 ft) Nevado Mismi top, positioned more or less 160 km (ninety nine mi) west of Lake Titicaca and 700 km (430 mi) southeast of Lima, because the most remote supply of the river. From that factor, Quebrada Carhuasanta emerges from Nevado Mismi, joins Quebrada Apacheta and soon paperwork Río Lloqueta which turns into Río Hornillos and in the end joins the Río Apurímac.

A 2014 look at by using Americans James Contos and Nicolas Tripcevich in Area, a peer-reviewed magazine of the Royal Geographical Society, however, identifies the most distant source of the Amazon as sincerely being in the Río Mantaro drainage.[11] A form of techniques had been used to compare the lengths of the Mantaro river vs. The Apurímac river from their maximum distant supply points to their confluence, displaying the longer duration of the Mantaro. Then distances from Lago Junín to several potential supply factors within the uppermost Mantaro river had been measured, which enabled them to decide that the Cordillera Rumi Cruz became the most remote supply of water in the Mantaro basin (and consequently in the entire Amazon basin). The maximum correct size method become direct GPS measurement obtained by kayak descent of each of the rivers from their source factors to their confluence (completed through Contos). Obtaining those measurements turned into difficult given the elegance IV–V nature of each of those rivers, specifically of their lower "Abyss" sections. Ultimately, they decided that the most remote factor in the Mantaro drainage is sort of 80 km farther upstream as compared to Mt. Mismi inside the Apurímac drainage, and consequently the maximal length of the Amazon river is set eighty km longer than formerly notion. Contos endured downstream to the ocean and completed the primary whole descent of the Amazon river from its newly identified supply (completing November 2012), a journey repeated with the aid of businesses after the information spread.[48]

After about 700 km (430 mi), the Apurímac then joins Río Mantaro to shape the Ene, which joins the Perene to form the Tambo, which joins the Urubamba River to form the Ucayali. After the confluence of Apurímac and Ucayali, the river leaves Andean terrain and is surrounded by means of floodplain. From this point to the confluence of the Ucayali and the Marañón, some 1,600 km (990 mi), the forested banks are just above the water and are inundated long before the river attains its maximum flood stage.[33] The low river banks are interrupted by means of only some hills, and the river enters the good sized Amazon rainforest.

The Upper Amazon or Solimões Edit

Amazon River close to Iquitos, Peru

Although the Ucayali–Marañón confluence is the point at which most geographers place the start of the Amazon River right, in Brazil the river is understood at this factor because the Solimões das Águas. The river systems and flood plains in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, whose waters drain into the Solimões and its tributaries, are called the "Upper Amazon".

The Amazon proper runs primarily via Brazil and Peru, and is part of the border between Colombia and Perú. It has a sequence of principal tributaries in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru, some of which circulate the Marañón and Ucayali, and others directly into the Amazon proper. These consist of rivers Putumayo, Caquetá, Vaupés, Guainía, Morona, Pastaza, Nucuray, Urituyacu, Chambira, Tigre, Nanay, Napo, and Huallaga.

At a few points, the river divides into anabranches, or multiple channels, regularly very lengthy, with inland and lateral channels, all related via a complex machine of herbal canals, cutting the low, flat igapó lands, that are in no way more than five metres (16 toes) above low river, into many islands.[49]

From the town of Canaria at the outstanding bend of the Amazon to the Negro, enormous regions of land are submerged at excessive water, above which only the upper a part of the trees of the sombre forests appear. Near the mouth of the Rio Negro to Serpa, almost contrary the river Madeira, the banks of the Amazon are low, till drawing close Manaus, they upward thrust to end up rolling hills.[33]

The Lower Amazon Edit

Meeting of Waters; the confluence of Rio Negro (blue) and Rio Solimões (sandy) close to Manaus, Brazil

Water samples of the Solimões (left) and Rio Negro (proper)

The Lower Amazon begins in which the darkly coloured waters of the Rio Negro meet the sandy colored Rio Solimões (the upper Amazon), and for over 6 km (four mi) those waters run facet by aspect with out blending. At Óbidos, a bluff 17 m (fifty six ft) above the river is sponsored with the aid of low hills. The decrease Amazon seems to have as soon as been a gulf of the Atlantic Ocean, the waters of which washed the cliffs near Óbidos.

Only about ten percent of the Amazon's water enters downstream of Óbidos, very little of which is from the northern slope of the valley. The drainage place of the Amazon basin above Óbidos city is set 5,000,000 square kilometres (1,900,000 squaremi), and, beneath, only about a million square kilometres (390,000 squaremi) (round 20%), distinctive of the 1,four hundred,000 rectangular kilometres (540,000 sq.Mi) of the Tocantins basin.[33] The Tocantins River enters the southern part of the Amazon delta.

In the decrease reaches of the river, the north bank consists of a chain of steep, table-topped hills extending for approximately 240 kilometres (one hundred fifty mi) from opposite the mouth of the Xingu as a ways as Monte Alegre. These hills are reduce all the way down to a sort of terrace which lies between them and the river.[49]

On the south financial institution, above the Xingu, a line of low bluffs bordering the floodplain extends almost to Santarém in a chain of mild curves before they bend to the southwest, and, abutting upon the decrease Tapajós, merge into the bluffs which shape the terrace margin of the Tapajós river valley.[50]

Mouth Edit

Satellite photo of the mouth of the Amazon River, from the north looking south

Belém is the fundamental metropolis and port on the mouth of the river on the Atlantic Ocean. The definition of where exactly the mouth of the Amazon is positioned, and the way huge it's miles, is a matter of dispute, because of the region's atypical geography. The Pará and the Amazon are connected by means of a series of river channels referred to as furos near the metropolis of Breves; among them lies Marajó, the sector's largest blended river/sea island.

If the Pará river and the Marajó island ocean frontage are blanketed, the Amazon estuary is some 325 kilometres (202 mi) wide.[51] In this case, the width of the mouth of the river is usually measured from Cabo Norte, the cape located immediately east of Pracuúba within the Brazilian state of Amapá, to Ponta da Tijoca near the town of Curuçá, within the nation of Pará.

A extra conservative size aside from the Pará river estuary, from the mouth of the Araguari River to Ponta do Navio on the northern coast of Marajó, might nonetheless provide the mouth of the Amazon a width of over 180 kilometres (112 mi). If most effective the river's principal channel is considered, among the islands of Curuá (country of Amapá) and Jurupari (country of Pará), the width falls to approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi).

The plume generated through the river's discharge covers up to one.Three million rectangular kilometres and is chargeable for muddy bottoms influencing a wide region of the tropical north Atlantic in phrases of salinity, pH, light penetration, and sedimentation.[13]

Lack of bridges Edit

There are not any bridges throughout the complete width of the river.[52] This isn't always because the river might be too wide to bridge; for most of its duration, engineers ought to build a bridge throughout the river without difficulty. For maximum of its course, the river flows through the Amazon Rainforest, in which there are very few roads and cities. Most of the time, the crossing can be achieved with the aid of a ferry. The Manaus Iranduba Bridge linking the cities of Manaus and Iranduba spans the Rio Negro, the second one-largest tributary of the Amazon, simply earlier than their confluence.

Dispute concerning duration Edit

River taxi in Peru

See additionally: Coastline paradox

While debate as to whether or not the Amazon or the Nile is the world's longest river has gone on for decades, the historic consensus of geographic authorities has been to regard the Amazon as the second one longest river in the global, with the Nile being the longest. However, the Amazon has been pronounced as being anywhere among 6,275 and six,992 kilometres (3,899 and four,345 mi) lengthy.[3] It is frequently stated to be "at the least" 6,575 kilometres (four,086 mi) long.[2] The Nile is said to be everywhere from 5,499 to 7,088 kilometres (three,417 to 4,404 mi).[3] Often it is said to be "about" 6,650 kilometres (4,a hundred thirty mi) long.[7] There are several factors which can have an effect on those measurements, consisting of the position of the geographical supply and the mouth, the size of dimension, and the period measuring strategies (for information see also List of rivers via duration).[3][4]

In July 2008, the Brazilian Institute for Space Research (INPE) posted a information article on their web site, claiming that the Amazon River changed into a hundred and forty kilometres (87 mi) longer than the Nile. The Amazon's duration become calculated as 6,992 kilometres (4,345 mi), taking the Apacheta Creek as its source. Using the same strategies, the duration of the Nile become calculated as 6,853 kilometres (4,258 mi), that's longer than previous estimates but nonetheless shorter than the Amazon. The results were reached through measuring the Amazon downstream to the beginning of the tidal estuary of Canal do Sul and then, after a sharp turn again, following tidal canals surrounding the isle of Marajó and ultimately which include the marine waters of the Río Pará bay in its entire period.[47][10] According to an earlier article at the website of the National Geographic, the Amazon's period became calculated as 6,800 kilometres (four,two hundred mi) by a Brazilian scientist. In June 2007, Guido Gelli, director of technological know-how at the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), told London's Telegraph Newspaper that it can be taken into consideration that the Amazon was the longest river within the global.[53] However, in line with the above assets, none of the two outcomes turned into published, and questions had been raised approximately the researchers’ technique. In 2009, a peer-reviewed article, became published, concluding that the Nile is longer than the Amazon by using declaring a duration of seven,088 km (4,404 mi) for the Nile and 6,575 km (four,086 mi) for the Amazon, measured with the aid of the use of a mixture of satellite photo analysis and discipline investigations to the supply regions.[3] According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, the final duration of the Amazon remains open to interpretation and persevered debate.[2][10]

Watershed Edit

Main article: Amazon basin

The Amazon basin, the most important in the world, covers approximately forty% of South America, a place of about 7,050,000 square kilometres (2,722,020 squaremi). It drains from west to east, from Iquitos in Peru, throughout Brazil to the Atlantic. It gathers its waters from five levels north latitude to twenty tiers south latitude. Its maximum far flung sources are discovered on the inter-Andean plateau, only a brief distance from the Pacific Ocean.[54]

The Amazon River and its tributaries are characterised by means of significant forested areas that become flooded every rainy season. Every year, the river rises extra than 9 metres (30 ft), flooding the surrounding forests, called várzea ("flooded forests"). The Amazon's flooded forests are the maximum vast instance of this habitat type inside the global.[55] In a median dry season, a hundred and ten,000 rectangular kilometres (forty two,000 squaremi) of land are water-blanketed, even as within the wet season, the flooded vicinity of the Amazon basin rises to 350,000 square kilometres (a hundred and forty,000 sq.Mi).[51]

The amount of water released via the Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean is giant: up to three hundred,000 cubic metres in keeping with second (11,000,000 cu ft/s) in the wet season, with an average of 209,000 cubic metres per 2nd (7,400,000 cu ft/s) from 1973 to 1990.[56] The Amazon is liable for about 20% of the Earth's sparkling water coming into the ocean.[55] The river pushes a extensive plume of sparkling water into the ocean. The plume is ready 400 kilometres (250 mi) lengthy and among 100 and two hundred kilometres (sixty two and 124 mi) extensive. The sparkling water, being lighter, flows on top of the seawater, diluting the salinity and altering the color of the ocean surface over an area up to 2,500,000 km2 (970,000 squaremi) in quantity. For centuries ships have pronounced fresh water near the Amazon's mouth but well out of sight of land in what otherwise appeared to be the open ocean.[15]

The Atlantic has sufficient wave and tidal energy to carry most of the Amazon's sediments out to sea, thus the Amazon does no longer shape a true delta. The excellent deltas of the arena are all in exceedingly covered bodies of water, while the Amazon empties at once into the turbulent Atlantic.[12]

There is a natural water union between the Amazon and the Orinoco basins, the so-called Casiquiare canal. The Casiquiare is a river distributary of the higher Orinoco, which flows southward into the Rio Negro, which in flip flows into the Amazon. The Casiquiare is the largest river on earth that links two major river structures, a so-known as bifurcation.

Flooding Edit

NASA satellite image of a flooded part of the river

Not all the Amazon's tributaries flood on the same time of the yr. Many branches start flooding in November and might retain to rise until June. The upward push of the Rio Negro begins in February or March and starts offevolved to recede in June. The Madeira River rises and falls two months in advance than most of the relaxation of the Amazon river.

The intensity of the Amazon between Manacapuru and Óbidos has been calculated as between 20 to 26 metres (sixty six to 85 ft). At Manacapuru, the Amazon's water level is most effective approximately 24 metres (seventy nine toes) above imply sea stage. More than 1/2 of the water inside the Amazon downstream of Manacapuru is underneath sea degree.[57] In its lowermost section, the Amazon's depth averages 20 to 50 metres (sixty six to 164 ft), in a few places as lots as one hundred metres (330 feet).[58]

The fundamental river is navigable for huge ocean steamers to Manaus, 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) upriver from the mouth. Smaller ocean vessels of 3,000 or 9,000 tonnes (3,000 or 8,900 lengthy lots; 3,three hundred or nine,900 quick tons) and five.Five metres (18 toes) draft can reach as far as Iquitos, Peru, 3,six hundred kilometres (2,200 mi) from the ocean. Smaller riverboats can reach 780 kilometres (480 mi) higher, as a ways as Achual Point. Beyond that, small boats often ascend to the Pongo de Manseriche, simply above Achual Point in Peru.[49]

Annual flooding takes place in late northern range iciness at excessive tide while the incoming waters of the Atlantic are funnelled into the Amazon delta. The ensuing undular tidal bore is known as the pororoca, with a leading wave that can be up to 8 m (25 toes) excessive and journey up to 800 km (500 mi) inland.[59][60]

Geology Edit

The Amazon River originated as a transcontinental river inside the Miocene epoch between 11.8 million and 11.Three million years ago and took its present form approximately 2.Four million years in the past within the Early Pleistocene.

The proto-Amazon for the duration of the Cretaceous flowed west, as part of a proto-Amazon-Congo river gadget, from the indoors of present-day Africa whilst the continents were linked, forming western Gondwana. 80 million years in the past, the 2 continents split. Fifteen million years in the past, the main tectonic uplift segment of the Andean chain commenced. This tectonic movement is resulting from the subduction of the Nazca Plate below the South American Plate. The rise of the Andes and the linkage of the Brazilian and Guyana bedrock shields,[clarification needed] blocked the river and brought about the Amazon Basin to grow to be a extensive inland sea. Gradually, this inland sea became a large swampy, freshwater lake and the marine inhabitants tailored to lifestyles in freshwater.[61]

Eleven to 10 million years ago, waters labored via the sandstone from the west and the Amazon started out to go with the flow eastward, main to the emergence of the Amazon rainforest. During glacial durations, sea ranges dropped and the wonderful Amazon lake hastily drained and have become a river, which might eventually end up the arena's second biggest, draining the most great region of rainforest on the earth.[62]

Paralleling the Amazon River is a big aquifer, dubbed the Hamza River, the invention of which changed into made public in August 2011......

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